Tuberculosis pathophysiology slideshare. • 97% in low and middle income countries, Asia(6.

Tuberculosis pathophysiology slideshare Key points include: - TB is a potentially fatal contagious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria which usually affects the lungs. By under-standing the causative organism, pathophysiology, transmission, and diagnostics of tuberculosis and the clinical manifestations in patients, critical care nurses will be better prepared to recognize infection, prevent transmission, and treat this increasingly common disease. The highest 18. 6 million people fell ill with TB and 1. 24th March memorialize the day in 1882, when Dr. Read less A granuloma contains epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells formed by the fusion of macrophages, and a rim of lymphocytes, and may develop central caseous necrosis. Abdominal tuberculosis refers to tuberculosis infection of the gastrointestinal tract, mesenteric lymph nodes, peritoneum, and organs like the liver and spleen. Chronic granulomatous infection caused by Acid Fast Bacteria Mycobacterium leprae (Ml) Ml cannot be grown on culture media--- in vitro drug sensitivity is not possible Growth and Drug susceptibility are done by injecting inoculate in mouse foot pad Live dormant in macrophages but alive Transmitted from person to person through nose, skin lesions of the infected persons. Tuberculosis treatment is difficult and requires long courses of multiple antibiotics. © 2025 - The Calgary Guide to Understanding Disease Disclaimer TB germs can live in the body without making you sick. Ravsa • Educate patient about etiology transmission and effects of TB • Review adverse effects of drug therapy • Participate in observation of medicine taking, weekly pill counts or programmes designed to increase compliance with the treatment for TB • Explain that TB is a communicable disease and that taking medications is most Nov 22, 2022 · 18. This presentation gives an overview on "Tuberculosis pathophysiology and diagnosis". Confirmation of the disease is difficult in children because of paucibacillary nature of the disease and difficulty in obtaining the sputum. Pathophysiology 50% cases : History present, Hematogenous spread Seed meninges or brain – Sub-pial/Sub-ependymal foci of metastatic caseous lesion – Rich Foci. A Space determines type of CNS involvemeny. Feb 23, 2020 · Etiology: CAUSATIVE ORGANISM • Tubercle bacillus or Koch’s bacillus called Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis in the lungs and other tissues of the human body. History of Tuberculosis • TB was documented in Egypt, India, and China as early as 5,000, 3,300, and 2,300 years ago. EPIDEMIOLOGY According to WHO 2009 • Globally, it is estimated that TB causes about 2 million deaths worldwide each year. A granuloma in TB, termed a 'tubercle', is composed of activated macrophages, Langhans’ giant cells with surrounding lymphoid cells and fibroblasts with central caseation necrosis. It describes the clinical presentation, investigations, and management of intestinal TB. • Gastrointestinal tuberculosis occurring due to ingestion of milk or food infected with Mycobacterium bovis can result in primary intestinal tuberculosis, but it is now-a days rare. The infection spreads hematogenously from a primary focus and causes destruction of bone and joints over several years. Sputum smear result of index case (if known) - Children are infectious if smear (+) or with cavitary TB Timing of contact children usually develop TB within 2 years after exposure and most (90%) within the 1st year If no source case is Pathophysiology of pulmonary TB. It has unusually waxy cell walls that are acid-fast staining and slow growing. africanum, M. Feb 12, 2024 · • Attitude and deformity - Tb of cervical spine patient has a stiff, straight neck. Global Status of TB Tuberculosis (TB) kills 1. Globally, it is estimated that TB causes about 2 million deaths worldwide each year. Following the M. Marc Imhotep Cray, M. Spread is due to entry of infection into pulmonary vein producing lesions Dec 2, 2016 · Epidemiology The key measures for TB are the number of new cases in a specified period of time, usually 1 year, and the incidence rates, that is, new cases per 100,000 of the population. For more information, please contact us: 9779030507. Extensive infection via hematogenous spread In lung: lesions - either microscopic or small, visible foci (2mm) of yellow white- scattered through out lung parenchyma. It typically affects people aged 20-30 years old. Read more. Further immune cells are recruited to wall off the infected macrophages, leading to the formation of the granuloma, the hallmark of TB. In addition, because of their short life span, mice are poor models for the study of latent infection. 2 million/year (worldwide six million new cases) and an annual Jan 18, 2010 · Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem, infecting one third of the world's population. Oct 29, 2024 · Key facts. Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent infections of human beings and contributes considerably to illness and death around the world. The high lipid content This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) including its definition, causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis and treatments. It discusses the etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation including tuberculin skin test and chest x-ray, classification, medical management including DOTS therapy, complications, nursing assessment and interventions. 25. He noted this as a painful kyphotic deformity of the spine associated with paraplegia. Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient disease with a history interwoven with the evolution and migration of mankind. It then describes the signs, causes, diagnostic tests, treatment, and management of adrenal crisis. They disperse primarily through coughing, singing, and other forced respiratory maneuvers by LNTB, HIV & Diabetes mellitus • Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, including lymphatic tuberculosis, is more common among immunocompromised patients, including those with HIV infection. 5 million died from the disease. organism that causes TB, but they do not have TB disease symptoms, do not feel sick, and cannot spread TB germs to others. In dorsal spine TB, part of the spine becomes prominent (gibbus or kyphus) • Para-vertebral swelling - A superficial cold abscess may present as swelling on — the back, along the chest wall or anteriorly. D. 18. Short Couse Chemotherapy It is widely accepted as treatment of choice for TB. Line Probe Assay DNA strip test - rapid, manual NAAT Use PCR and reverse hybridization methods Can diagnose MDR-TB directly from smear-positive sputum samples, providing results in just 05 hrs. Nov 3, 2014 · Pathophysiology Once inhaled, the infectious droplets settle throughout the airways. It is easy to diagnose b/a of its fluctuant nature. Close to 9 million new cases develop every year and about one third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. it is a slowly spreading, chronic, granulomatous bacterial infection, characterized by gradual weight loss Free template from www. Feb 2, 2009 · Infection of other organs causes a wide range of symptoms. 2) Resistance develops through genetic mutations that prevent drugs from binding to their targets in the bacteria. They increase in the size and discharge bacilli in CSF. 7 million new cases of TB globally, with over half occurring in Asia. A common disease in Pakistan and other developing countries Its prevalence is estimated to be 175 per 100,000 of population 40% of Pakistanis harbour tb bacilli Diagnosis of abdominal TB is usually very difficult, due to nonspecific symptoms and signs. 7) TB Meningitis & Tuberculoma : 5% of All Extra pulmonary TB Results from Hematogenous spead of 10 & 20 TB. The TB bacteria become active if the immune system can't stop them from growing. High ADA level can be found in other causes of pleural effusion such as empyema, rheumatoid serositis and lymphoma (Porcel,2010). microti. They may also be able to spread the bacteria to people they spend time with every day 26-06-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 10 DEFINE: Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is slowly declining each year and it is estimated that 37 million lives were saved between 2000 and 2013 through effective diagnosis and treatment. This can lead to destruction of vertebral bodies and discs, collapse, deformity, and neurological deficits in advanced cases. Cause. • Although diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis, studies suggest that it may reduce the relative risk of tuberculous lymphadenitis. Nov 22, 2013 · 2. Patients of this variety presented with sub-acute intestinal Apr 2, 2018 · 4. Pneumonia CPC-1. Basal cisterns are Feb 26, 2019 · Tuberculosis is a worldwide public health problem caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. • The calcific nidus in a tuberculous lymph node erodes into the bronchial wall and may occlude the bronchus • Symptoms - cough, hemoptysis, wheezing,recurrent pneumonia • Change in the position or disappearance of a calcific focus Classification of causes (Hodgsons) Extrinsic causesExtrinsic causes Rare causesRare causesIntrinsic causesIntrinsic causes •Prolong stretching of cord over deformity •Tuberculous meningomyelitis •Infective thrombosis/end arteritis •Pathological dislocation • Syringomylic changes •Spinal tumor syndrome •Posterior element TB May 10, 2017 · 2. These three bacteria, together with M. Liver and spleen Hepatosplenomegaly usually a part and parcel of disseminated TB is accompanied with fever, night sweats and decreased or loss of appetite. africanum is not widespread, but in parts of Africa it is a significant cause of tuberculosis. However, it can spread from there to other organs. 9. 25 million people died from tuberculosis (TB) in 2023 (including 161 000 people with HIV). position of leading causes of deaths • 1/3 of the world's population could be infected • > 80% can be cured • prevention can be > 90% effective Global tuberculosis control: WHO report 2011 Oct 17, 2016 · 3. Jan 3, 2025 · The "Introduction to Tuberculosis (TB)" slide set is a great tool for people who are not familiar with TB. Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. Then Caseous foci form on the surface of brain ( Rich’s foci). , Amikacin Sep 15, 2017 · What causes of (MDR- TB) Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis • Most people with TB are cured by a strictly followed, 6-month drug regimen that is provided to patients with support and supervision. Primarily affects lungs, other organs such as brain, liver, kidney, spleen, bone etc. tuberculosis primarily attacks the lungs. Dec 12, 2016 · 2. Is the most prevalent communicable infectious disease on earth and remains out of control in many developing nations It is a chronic specific inflammatory infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans Usually attacks the lungs but it can also affect any parts of the body TUBERCULOSIS (TB) Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis Introduction Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Etiology: CAUSATIVE ORGANISM • Tubercle bacillus or Koch’s bacillus called Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis in the lungs and other tissues of the human body. 12. Nov 2, 2017 · 10. •Over 4 million cases of TB disease are notified annually •440,000 people had MDR-TB worldwide, and one-third of these died •The majority of cases occur in poor countries •Most cases of TB are in South East Asia with almost 50% of cases worldwide estimated to to tuberculosis even more serious than in the community. The infection reaches skeletal system through vascular channels GI TB Involves any part of GIT Commonest- ileocecal area Causes fever, abdominal pain, hematochezia, diarrhea/constipation, RLQ mass Dx- endoscopy with biopsy, CT scan, barium meal follow-through/enema Rx- standard ATT Complication- obstruction, perforation, fistula Surgery required for complications Jun 24, 2018 · 1. 2 million people infected with HIV o 98% of these deaths occur in the developing world. Downloaded 23 times. tuberculosis from drying, alkali conditions, and chemical disinfectants - Hinders entrance of antimicrobial agents Entry into Host Cells - Lipoarabinomannan (LAM 10. tb transmission to the new host, the bacilli enter the lung and get ingested by macrophages. Pulmonary TB occurs when M. TB, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a preventable disease. CAUSES: The primary cause of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis , is a small aerobic non-motile bacillus. Over 9 million new cases and 2 million deaths per year worldwide 1/3rd of the world’s population is infected with M. Tuberculosis is a potentially fatal contagious disease that mainly affects the lungs and is caused by bacteria in the Mycobacterium genus, most commonly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The classic symptoms are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The majority of respondents knew the bacterium that causes TB and that risks include HIV infection, diabetes, and malnutrition. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. During continuation phase, the semi-dormant Nov 19, 2017 · #11: This set of slides on Childhood TB tries to bring to fore the diagnostic and treatment issues using some case studies (based on real patients). What Is Tuberculosis (TB) • Tuberculosis is a specific infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is an Acid fast, aerobic bacilli • On March 24 1882,Dr. Tuberculosis or TB is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB of the gastrointestinal tract is the sixth most frequent form of extra-pulmonary site, after lymphatic, genitourinary, bone and joint, miliary and meningeal tuberculosis. TUBERCULOSIS – THE FACTS • 7. Acid-fast Pulmonary TB occurs in the lungs 85% of all TB cases are pulmonary Extrapulmonary TB occurs in places other than the lungs, including the: 1. Apr 30, 2020 · This document provides an overview of pulmonary tuberculosis and its management. Apr 20, 2018 · 2. The majority of the bacilli are trapped in the upper parts of the airways where the mucus-secreting goblet cells exist. 1 million 3,20,000 deaths… Pleural TB may occur early after primary infection with MTB and manifest as pleurisy with effusion, or more rarely, it may occur late in postprimary cavitary disease and arise as an empyema. pptx - Download as a PDF or view online for free A+ B+ ASSESSMENT PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS PLAN OF TREATMENT Patient was given treatment with 61. • One Anti-VEGF-A drug has shown promise in treating disseminated tuberculosis. Contribution of Mycobacterial Cellular Envelope to Pathogenesis Resistance to Drying and Other Environmental Factors - Thick, waxy nature of cellular envelope protects M. TB test 4. tuberculosis Tuberculosis remains one of the top three killers In the U. In 2017, the incidence of TB among population in Yemen is 48 cases per 100,000 people. It leads to eight to ten million new cases globally each year. Adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) level has supportive role in diagnosis of pleural TB (Greco, 2003) (Liang, 2008). • Tuberculosis has been affecting humans since 3000 BCE • Over 500 million people have died of TB over the course of history. TUBERCULOSIS(TB) Chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease and a major health problem in developing countries. Commonly used drug regimens for Tuberculosis (MTb Drug Combinations) 12 Active TB is Tx most often initially with four drugs in a long-term treatment (6–12 months) plan to avoid development of antibiotic resistance In general, 6-month regimens are used for patients with culture-positive TB Regimen consists of INH 2. • 3% are suffering from skeletal TB, 50% of these suffer from spinal lesion and almost 50% are from pediatric group. It discusses that urinary TB is the third most common form of extrapulmonary TB, occurring in 2-20% of individuals with pulmonary TB. Children account for approx 40% of all cases of tuberculosis being treated. Rupture into S. Observed on 24 March each year, is designed to build public awareness about the global epidemic of tuberculosis (TB) and efforts to eliminate the disease. Miliary TB is a disseminated form of extra pulmonary TB caused by hematogenous spread of mycobacteria through the bloodstream. tuberculosis. Other sites include the skull, phalanges, and greater trochanter. ÐÏ à¡± á> þÿ À þÿÿÿþÿÿÿ¼ ½ ¾ Oct 21, 2015 · 2. 6 million people contracted with the disease, 1. It identifies high risk groups such as the elderly, infants, children, those with low socioeconomic status or who are drug addicts, HIV positive, or severely malnourished. 4 million active TB cases globally India: 2. Geneva: World Health Organization]. tuberculosis • major human disease – Affects healthy people • problems – association with AIDS – multiple drug-resistance – Chronic disease – Prolonged treatment Nov 2, 2017 · TUBERCULIN SKIN TEST Induration ≥5 mm • Close contact - known/suspected contagious people with TB • Children suspected to have TB • Findings on CXR consistent with active/previously TB disease • Clinical evidence of tuberculosis disease • Children receiving Immunosuppressive therapy or Immunosuppressive conditions - HIV infection 2. • Ghon complex parenchymal lesion + lymph node site • Disseminated tuberculosis if load is high or immunity is inadequate • Meningeal TB --- 2 to 6 months • Lymph node or endobronchial tuberculosis ---3 to 9 months • Bones and joints --- in years • Primary infection --- >1 yr – endogenous regrowth( reactivation tuberculosis) Jun 3, 2024 · Tuberculosis is an infectious lung disease caused by bacteria, spreading through the air through coughing, sneezing, or spit. Extensive Drug Resistance (XDR) : A MDR TB patient, whose biological specimen is additionally resistant to a Fluoroquinolone (Ofloxacin, Levofloxacin, or Moxifloxacin) and latent TB infection (LTBI)—refers to the condition when a person is infected with . 5. Therefore most cases of pediatric TB are categorized as Apr 17, 2014 · 5. TB is transmitted via airborne droplets when people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze or spit. 9) Miliary or disseminated TB : Results from Hematogenous spread of Tubercle Bacilli. 4 Apr 21, 2020 · Hyperplastic tuberculosis usually occurs in the ileocecal region, although solitary or multiple lesions in the distal ileum The infection establishes itself in lymphoid follicles, and the resulting chronic inflammation causes thickening of intestinal wall and narrowing of lumen. The primary focus may be active or quiescent, apparent or latent,either in the lungs or in the lymph glands of the mediastinum,mesentry or cervical region,or kidneys or other viscera. People with inactive TB have TB germs in their bodies, but do not have TB disease and cannot spread the infection to other people. Worldwide, TB has probably returned to being the world’s leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, following three years in which it was replaced by coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Gastroduodenal Peptic ulcer with or without gastric outlet obstruction or perforation. INTRODUCTION TB is caused by tubercle bacilli, which belong to the genus Mycobacterium. Pericardial biopsy: • Done by thoracotomy or percutaneously using a bioptome • Histology shows granulomatous lesion • Shows positive result in upto 70% cases • Nonspecific histological change doesn’t exclude TB • Pericardial tissue culture can be done for Tuberculosis Aug 26, 2014 · Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Symptoms include shock, collapse, and resistance to treatment. A common disease in India and other developing countries It the 6th most common type of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis 40% of Indians harbour tb bacilli In 2010, Global Incidence – 9. TB results almost exclusively from inhalation of airborne particles (droplet nuclei) containing M. • 97% in low and middle income countries, Asia(6. Tuberculosis and HIV Worldwide the number of people infected with both HIV and TB is rising. Read less Nov 18, 2014 · 4. The bacteria infect the lungs, forming lesions that can heal or progress, potentially spreading through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. it may spread to any part of the body including meninges,kidney,bones and lymphnodes. osteoarticular TB in a Dec 22, 2024 · Tuberculosis (TB) encompasses a huge topic regarding a common disease that is challenging to diagnose, treat, and prevent. com 11/22 Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. The estimated 10% activation of dormant TB infection over the life span of an infected person, is increased to 10% activation in one year, if Jun 11, 2021 · Pulmonary tuberculosis The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis (TB), a contagious, airborne infection that destroys body tissue. but does not have TB disease. Diagnostic confirmation often requires histopathological examination of the surgical specimen TB can be seen in any age group that is Nov 16, 2014 · 1) Tuberculosis can infect bones and joints, with the spine being a common site. A space – Meningitis Deep in parenchyma cause Tuberculoma or Abscesses. Tuberculosis is highlighted as a common cause of adrenal insufficiency in India. M. The M. The World Nov 21, 2015 · TUBERCULOSIS - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 5 – Pneum Pathology - Core Learning Issues: Pathology of pneumonia and the course of pathological changes. • One target revealed by analyzing tuberculosis pathophysiology is VEGF released by macrophages. Jan 16, 2014 · Tuberculosis of the hip is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. DIAGNOSIS • Paustian in 1964 stated that one or more of the following four criteria must be fulfilled to diagnose abdominal tuberculosis : (i) Histological evidence of tubercles with caseation necrosis; (ii) a good typical gross description of operative findings with biopsy of mesenteric nodes showing histologic evidence of tuberculosis; (iii) animal inoculation or culture of suspected Dec 12, 2016 · 2. Guinea pigs develop robust DTH Dec 21, 2018 · 20. Throughout recorded history, TB has been responsible for more human lives lost than any other infectious disease. Tuberculosis (TB) is a top infectious disease killer worldwide. •Tuberculosis of the spine is one of the oldest diseases afflicting humans. Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) DEF:Tuberculosis is the infectious disease primarily affecting lung parenchyma is most often caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. People with TB disease are sick. • Uncommon complication. Aug 21, 2017 · • Multi- Drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) is tubercular infection that are resistant to at least two of the most powerful first-line anti-TB (drugs), Isoniazid and Rifampin • Extremely Drug Resistant TB (XDR-TB) resistant to Isoniazid and Rifampin plus any Fluoroquinolone and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs (i. The diagnosis relies on radiology (commonly chest X-rays), a tuberculin skin test, blood tests, as well as microscopic examination and microbiological culture of bodily fluids. Tuberculous pleural involvement often causes no symptoms and resolves spontaneously; however, in untreated patients, a 65% relapse rate has been reported studies, as M. • 1/5th of TB population is in India. Tuberculosis is an infectious lung disease caused by bacteria, spreading through the air through coughing, sneezing, or spit. tuberculosis ) Gram (+) rod (bacilli). The disease is transmitted through the air when people who are sick with TB expel bacteria into the air, for example by coughing. Clinical features of Pulmonary tuberculosis were well described by Hipocrates in about 400 BC. DiagnosisUrine analysisEssentially every patient with established urinary tract tuberculosis has an abnormal urinalysis with pyuria, hematuria, or both. Making an accurate diagnosis can be challenging as symptoms may be nonspecific, but a high index of suspicion along with diagnostic tests like histopathology of endometrial tissue and findings during laparoscopy can identify genital TB infection The survey found that most people are aware that TB is an infectious bacterial disease spread through the air via coughing or sneezing. brainybetty. Granulomas aim to wall off pathogens and prevent their spread in the body. It primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. In 2006, the emergence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) was first reported. It is spread by inhaling tiny droplets of saliva from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person. * Jun 29, 2014 · TUBERCULOSIS - Download as a PDF or view online for free. tb would be more easily accessed by drugs in the mouse lung. Apr 5, 2015 · Joint TB - Investigations Plain x-rays often normal MRI can be helpful in diagnosis1 But there needs to be a high index of suspicion to request this Aspiration of synovial fluid for TB culture Synovial biopsy ie tissue for TB culture should sent in saline or water Higher yield2 1. Nov 6, 2024 · 4. DOTS: Directly Observed Therapy, Short-course DOTS stands for Directly Observed Therapy, Short-course. On average, an estimated 43,200 of patients with MDR- TB had extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB). India accounts for 27% of global estimated TB cases and 25% of estimated deaths. Tuberculosis is an anaerobic bacteria • Tuberculosis can be spread person to person by sharing the same cup or bottle • Persons with LTBI and HIV have a 10% lifetime risk of progressing to active TB disease • Approximately 25% (1/4) of close contacts to a sputum smear-positive case will have LTBI Sep 25, 2013 · WHAT IS TUBERCULOSIS? Tuberculosis is also called TB for short. True or False • M. Mar 28, 2024 · 2. Persons with LTBI carry the . . INTRODUCTION The term genitourinary tuberculosis was introduced by Wildbolz in 1937, and since then, renal and epididymal tuberculosis were considered together as the local manifestation of the same blood-borne infection In India the estimate of TB is 168/100,000 population/year (WHO 2005 estimates) with an annual incidence of 2. Consumtion, phthisis and white plague are other names used Mar 29, 2024 · Genital TB is a known cause of infertility, with TB damaging the fallopian tubes in most cases. Module 1 – Transmission and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis 32 Occurs when tubercle bacilli are in the body, but the immune system is keeping them under control Detected by the Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) or by blood tests such as interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) which include: –QuantiFERON®-TB Gold test (QFT-G) –QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) –T-Spot®. tuberculosis is inhaled into the lungs where it is engulfed by alveolar macrophages but can evade destruction and replicate within the macrophages. - estimated that 10-15 million people are infected Less than 15,000 cases in US per year India is the highest TB burden country in the world Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is usually spread through the air. Acid-Sterile pyuria—the old clinical teaching that the asymptomatic patient with pyuria, particularly with an acid urine and a urine culture that fails to reveal conventional bacterial pathogens, must be considered as having tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. Nov 14, 2017 · This document discusses tuberculosis of the small intestine, focusing on the ileocecal region as the most common site of infection. bovis, M. In 2014, 9. Sep 9, 2021 · 33. INCIDENCE :- Extra-pulmonary forms of TB which account for 10-15 per cent of all cases may represent up to 50 per cent of patients with AIDS. It is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. • This entity was first described by Percivall Pott. In 2017, 10 million people developed TB globally and 1. J Bone Joint surg Br. There were 80 000 deaths from TB among HIV-negative children in the same year. During initation phase, majority of mycobacteria are killed, symptoms resolve and patient become non- infectious. Tuberculosis causes immune granulomas known as tubercles, which typically feature caseating necrosis. tuberculosis complex includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. 2. 8) TB Pericardiatis :- 1- 8% of All Extra pulmonary TB cases. 4 Pathophysiology The main determinant of the pathogenicity of TB is its ability to escape host defense mechanisms The infective droplet nucleus is very small, measuring 5 micrometers or less, and may contain approximately 1-10 bacilli. Typical skeletal abnormalities, including Pott’s deformities, were found in Egyptian and Andean mummies and were also depicted in early Egyptian and pre-colombian art. A thick , gelatinous exudate may infiltrate the cortical or meningeal blood vessel , producing inflammation, obstruction , or infarction . Clinical features include limping, decreased range of motion, and deformities in advanced cases. canetti and M. TB germs become active if the immune system can’t stop them from growing. Robert Koch announced the discovery of Micobacterium tuberculosis • So it is also known as Koch’s disease. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis which spreads hematogenously from a primary infection site to the spine. 07k views • 15 slides Jan 31, 2018 · In 2021, 10. 4m) • 8% associated with HIV co-infection of these 76% from Africa • More in males than females • In Kenya, upto 100,000 cases are reported annually. Epidemiology • In 2019, an estimated 10 million people developed TB and 1. 3 million cases Other common names included “wasting disease” and the “white plague”. • Robert Koch - Discoverer of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Koch’s disease) • M. The Gold standard diagnosis of TB is demonstration of AFB on smear / Myc TB on culture of an appropriate specimen. Read less Associated Relevant Slides. 6 million people a year o 0. Nov 3, 2020 · 3. Sep 9, 2019 · Tuberculosis - Download as a PDF or view online for free. The HIV virus damages the body’s immune system and accelerates the speed at which TB progresses from a harmless infection to a life threatening condition. tuberculosis and other less common mycobacteria, are known as the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Common symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. 3. As per WHO reports(2010), approx. This slide set is intended for a general public audience. The TB Feb 17, 2019 · Extrapulmonary or Isolated Organ Secondary Tuberculosis Dissemination of TB outside of lungs can lead to TB of tonsils, intestine, CNS, Kidney, bone , skin and genital organs Miliary Tuberculosis: May be a consequence of either primary or secondary TB when resistance to infection is particularly poor, a "miliary" pattern of spread can occur in INCIDENCE Tuberculosis (TB) remains the world's deadliest infectious disease although global efforts have averted an estimated 54 million tuberculosis (TB) deaths since 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) warned on Tuesday. Clinical judgment Exposure History Closeness of contact - living in the same household or in frequent contact with a source case with smear-positive PTB. This document summarizes urinary tract tuberculosis (TB). In 2011, there were an estimated 8. INTRODUCTION TB is caused by tubercle bacilli, which belong to the genus Mycobacterium. 6 million died from it. S. Key points include: - Paralysis occurs in up to 50% of spinal tuberculosis patients. Tuberculosis • Tuberculosis- Is an Ancient Disease -Spinal Tuberculosis in Egyptian Mummies - History dates to 1550 – 1080 BC. INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis is a single major infectious disease causing significant morbidity and mortality in children. This presentation gives an overview on "Tuberculosis: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis". 1 of 10. tuberculosis . The document outlines the anatomy and function of the adrenal glands. During continuation phase, the semi-dormant Tuberculosis in Pregnancy and newborn • Pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in pregnant women is associated with increased risk of prematurity , growth retardation, LBW and perinatal mortality. Apr 11, 2012 · 2. Drug-Resistant TB Mono-resistant Resistant to any one TB treatment drug Poly-resistant Resistant to at least any 2 TB drugs (but not both isoniazid and rifampin) Multidrug resistant (MDR TB) Resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the 2 best first-line TB treatment drugs Extensively drug resistant (XDR TB) Resistant to Dec 12, 2019 · This document discusses miliary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most often affects the lungs. It includes 6month regimen These regimens are divided into 2 phases: an initation phase or bactericidal phase and a continuation phase or sterilizing phase. 32. In this strategy, a health care worker or any other designated person (excluding the family members) provides the prescribed TB drugs to the TB May 21, 2018 · 2. - estimated that 10-15 million people are infected Less than 15,000 cases in US per year India is the highest TB burden country in the world Oct 15, 2022 · PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS SLIDESHARE - Download as a PDF or view online for free PATHOPHYSIOLOGY and Management Read less. 4m), Africa (2. • Tuberculosis is most prevalent in India, China, and several countries in Africa. e. It begins with an introduction that defines miliary TB and outlines its history, risk factors, types, pathophysiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Nov 19, 2017 · #11: This set of slides on Childhood TB tries to bring to fore the diagnostic and treatment issues using some case studies (based on real patients). Course Description Pathophysiology is the study of causes of diseases and reactions of the body to such disease producing causes. 11. It’s the one of the most prevalent infections of human beings and cotnributes considerably to illness and death around the world . May 2, 2018 · 2. Broncholithiasis • Defined as the presence of calcified or ossified material within the lumen of the tracheobronchial tree. WHO, in its latest 2018 Global TB Report, says countries are still not doing enough to end TB by 2030 and calls for 2. - Early diagnosis, expedient treatment, aggressive surgery, and preventing deformity lead to the best outcomes. 3million Prevalence in India is 3. In 2014, an estimated 1 million children became ill The document discusses spinal tuberculosis, noting that it causes delays in diagnosis, long recovery periods, and high costs. A total of 1. 22. The burden of TB in many countries is compounded in those who have co- infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 2) It is caused by hematogenous spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a primary focus. 4million In india – 2. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis which primarily affects the lungs. Jun 19, 2020 · 16. CAUSES: TUBERCULOSIS Spread from person to person through microscopic droplets released into the air. By the early 1800s, TB epidemics ravaged much of Europe and North America, resulting in 800 to 1000 deaths per 100 000 population per year. Most persons with LTBI A review of tuberculosis pathophysiology reveals only a few pharmaceutical targets. WHO, in its latest 2018 Global TB Report, says countries are still not doing enough to end TB by 2030 and calls for Jul 29, 2016 · Tuberculosis - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 5-200 inhaled bacilli are usually necessary for infection Mycobacterium tuberculosis gains access to the lung by inhalation and causes pulmonary TB. . This comprehensive guide explores how TB primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body. Desai. This course is designed to impart a thorough knowledge of the relevant aspects of pathology of various conditions with reference to its pharmacological applications, and understanding of basic pathophysiological mechanisms. Miliary pulmonary disease can cause pleural effusion, tuberculous empyema or obliterative fibrous pleuritis. Extra pulmonary miliary tuberculosis - most prominent May 15, 2014 · 2. 1994 2. Symptoms are often non-specific and include abdominal pain, urinary issues, and hematuria. This is called inactive TB or latent TB infection. Over 95% of TB deaths occur in low- and middle- income countries, and it is among the top 5 causes of death for women aged 15 to 44. 2008 - WHO issued a recommendation for the use of molecular LPA for the rapid diagnosis of MDR-TB in high TB-burden, low-income settings. • Inappropriate or incorrect use of antimicrobial drugs, or use of ineffective formulations of drugs (such as use of single drugs, poor quality 32. Read less Sep 28, 2015 · 2. Rat TB also showed similar pathophysiology to murine TB [31]. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is thought to have evolved from an early progenitor in East Africa as early as 3300 years ago. • Nov 23, 2023 · Tuberculosis of the spine, also known as Pott's disease, was first described in 1799. [1], [Global tuberculosis report 2024. India has a high prevalence of spinal tuberculosis, accounting for around 1-3% of all TB cases. • 5-10% of Americans have Tuberculosis. It is preventable and curable. Apr 26, 2023 · AIDS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY. > 70 U/L – highly likely to be pleural TB 40–70 U/L – indeterminate level, other risk factors Dec 4, 2017 · Pathophysiology of Abdominal Tuberculosis • Abdominal tuberculosis can occur primarily or it can be secondary to a tubercular focus elsewhere in the body. However, the performance of this tool in primary TB and among children is poor. • Congenital TB is rare because TB of female genital tract results in infertilty. 6 million individuals lost their lives to TB and over 95% deaths occur in low to middle income countries (Organization 2022). Oct 23, 2018 · This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB), including its definition, types, incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, management, nursing management, and prevention. Jul 19, 2015 · 1) Tuberculosis of the spine is the most common form of skeletal tuberculosis, frequently affecting the dorsal spine. Etiology: TB is Dec 23, 2014 · 19. Proximity to S. One-third of the world's population is infected with the tubercle bacillus Oct 30, 2011 · • A little less than 2 million people die each year. Apr 12, 2024 · Understanding Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment" delves into the details of tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. When TB germs Tuberculosis: pathophysiology, clinical features, and diagnosis A granuloma contains epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells formed by the fusion of macrophages, and a rim of lymphocytes, and may develop central caseous necrosis. Pathology:- Any osteoarticular tubercular lesion, is the result of a hematogenous dissemination from a primarily infected visceral focus. bovis bacteria and spreads via ingestion, hematogenous spread, or lymphatic spread. Major risk factors include close contact with an active case, immunocompromised status, and living in crowded conditions. Most commonly involved site is the brain stem causing frequent involvement of 3rd , 6th and 7th cranial nerves. Spreads mainly in mediastinal or hilar nodes or from lungs. It is commonly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. 40. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as brain, bone, the kidney and. TB is a major cause of death among people with HIV/AIDS and infection is the most potent This document discusses the pathophysiology of pulmonary tuberculosis. It is also known as TB-DOTS. • Current drugs focus on targeting the bacteria and its replication. The slide set provides an overview of the latest information on TB in the United States and basic information about TB. It refers to a strategy that aims to cure the tuberculosis (TB) and reduce the number of tuberculosis cases. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but they can also damage other parts of the body. • The organism is a strict aerobe and thrives best in tissues with high oxygen tension such as in the apex of the lung. 4. Robert Koch declared that he had discovered the causative factor of Tuberculosis- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis In 1995 WHO start recognizing World Tuberculosis DAY and 5. BY: MOHAMED HUSSEIN. Different diagnostic modalities in the diagnosis of pneumonia (chest x-ray, blood gases, sputum culture, bronchial washings, serology) Histopathology of pneumo Dec 9, 2023 · Multi Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis: Causes and Management 1) Tuberculosis becomes multi-drug resistant when the bacteria develops resistance to both isoniazid and rifampin, the two most effective anti-tuberculosis drugs. 6. New treatment regimen is mentioned here. TB progresses through primary, latent, and active stages. Oct 29, 2014 · Tuberculosis - Download as a PDF or view online for free. When TB bacteria are active (multiplying in your body), this is called TB disease. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS: The sequence of events from inhalation of the infectious inoculum to containment of primary focus can be stated as following: A) Primary pulmonary tuberculosis (0-3 weeks): The virulent strains of mycobacteria gain entry into the macrophage endosomes, the organisms are able to inhibit normal microbicidal response by manipulation of endosomal pH and arrest Oct 31, 2019 · INCIDENCE Tuberculosis (TB) remains the world's deadliest infectious disease although global efforts have averted an estimated 54 million tuberculosis (TB) deaths since 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) warned on Tuesday. The etiological agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is transmitted via droplets. Definitions of DR-TB Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) : A TB patient, whose biological specimen is resistant to both H and R with or without resistance to other first line drugs. oqchj dmto fdefroi lqp nqbc geecl gico etcqtaqo jjvj flkqrht